ABSTRACT

Technology has made out lives better in a number of ways. From easy and fast transactions to safe communication, all of this has been made possible by the integration of the recent techs and tools in our system. One of these tools is the ATM. In literal meanings, ATM is an acronym for Asynchronous Transfer Mode. This method integrates the time division multiplexing (TDM) with data communications. For a person who is new to it, the basic ATM networks are links oriented networks. They work to modify the cell relay that chains voice, video and data communications. ATM is meant to do encoding and encryption of data into much smaller dimensions. The aim is to make them suitable for TDM and make sure that they transmit data over a physical medium (Su, 2000).

INTRODUCTION

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) was made to fulfill the aims and needs of Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network. The system is suitable enough for maintenance of all branches of traffic (e.g. Voice, video and other data). All of that has been made possible by ATM by using a single linking communication and switching fabric system. ATM has been aiming to bring more security and quality in its merging of services, elevated and malleable linking to the setup and efficacious and cost-effective support.

ATM gains incursions on a torrent and bulk of predetermined packs (cells). As far as the anatomy of these cells is concerned, each of these cells has a header which is of 5 bytes. They are composed of a data field also known as payload which is of 48 bytes. The major aim to fix the cell size is to make sure that the role of transaction and swapping is fulfilled in less time. This will bring more efficacy and convenience to the services (Bonomi, 1995).

Advantages of ATM Networks –

The major advantages of ATM facilities positioned on ATM machinery incorporating international ATM criteria are given:

  • Making efficient bandwidth for busy traffic function requirements and providing major exploitation of networking sources. A major number of claims are seen as rushed or disoriented, for instance, the voice is blurry or noisy. This makes both entities to not speak to each other at a particular time or even anytime at all; the video is blurry or edgy, along with the motion resolution which changes from time to time.
  • The smaller header is made in comparison with the information to ensure efficient utilization of bandwidth.
  • Will work with multiple network traffic effectively: Variation in the pack ranges allows the traffic to be unpredictable. All network tools are composed of detailed digital technologies to utilize multiple proportions of data pack. ATM uses these systems effectively with the standard dimensions of data packs.
  • Cell network: Major resources are made into the same data packs which gave the ability to send data with entire security and standardization. ATM gives Class-of-service aid for interactive program systems that ensure systems with variable throughput and dormancy needs must be met on a single link (Jain R. , 1996).
  • Scaling in pace and network size supporting link speeds of T1/E1 to OC–12 (622 Mbps).
  • Standard LAN/WAN architecture making ATM be utilized easily by a single system or many; logically, LAN and WAN technologies are not same, with efforts for presentation and interoperability. ATM system is utilized as both LAN technology and WAN
  • Global values standards in accordance with main-office and client-workplaces ensure multivendor operation.

The above figure depicts ATM protocol layers at host endpoints and an ATM switch. Host A and Host B consist of Physical layer, ATM layer, and upper layers (Armitage, 1995).

REFERENCE MODEL OF ATM

The ATM layout incorporates a robust structure to define the purpose of the system in detail. The functionality of ATM works in correlation with the physical layer along with the part of the data link layer of the OSI reference model. The figure given here depicts how ATM Reference Model works in relation with the Lowest Two Layers of the OSI Reference Model.

The ATM reference model has been divided into the given layers, which cover all structures:

  1. Control – the layer is made for forming and handling signaling issues.
  2. User – The layer is made for aiding the transmission of information
  3. 3. Management- The layer has been divided into two parts. Layer management aids layer-specific works like pinpointing of errors and protocol issues. Plane management aids and manages purposes of the entire

The reference structure of ATM layers has following layers:

  1. A. Physical layer – It is the same as that of the physical layer of the OSI reference model, ATM physical layer works by aiding the medium-aided transfers.

The ATM physical layer has partly four main tasks: The cells are made into a bitstream, the transfer, and delivery of bits regarding the physical medium are kept under scrutiny. ATM cell limits are pursued, and data packs are made into suitable layers of edgings for the physical medium.

The ATM physical layer has two components: the physical medium-dependent (PMD) sublayer and transmission convergence (TC) sublayer (Kai-Yeung Siu, 1994)r.

The PMD sublayer is designed to carry out two key functions. The first one is to coordinate the transmission and reception of data in an appropriate manner by transferring and accepting an endless current of bits with the required programming data. The other one is to specify the physical media which is used for the physical medium. It is composed of connector types and cable. The physical media standards which are used for ATM are Synchronous Digital Hierarchy/Synchronous Optical Network (SDH/SONET).

The TC sublayer has four main tasks that it performs on a regular basis. These include cell delineation, header error control (HEC) sequence generation and verification, cell-rate decoupling, and transmission frame adaptation. The cell delineation task allows TC to carry out the persistent function of ATM cell limits that ensure devices to trace cells while they are in the flow of bits. HEC sequence generation and verification forms and traces header error control code to verify the validity of info and data. Cell-rate decoupling allows the system to carry out the coordination within and squelching of rest of the ATM data packages to fulfill the flow of verified ATM data packs to the consignment capability of the transfer scheme. Transfer frame revision allows ATM data packs to shapes that are needed for a particular physical layer implementation.

  1. ATM layer – In combo with the ATM frame, the ATM layer works in the same manner as the data link layer of the OSI reference model. The ATM layer ensures coordination in mixing of virtual aspects over a materialistic communication and ensuring data packs have a safe passage through the ATM network. To carry out all this, VPI and VCI data in the header of each ATM cell is used(Newman, 1994).

SPEED OF ATM MACHINES

Since ATM is design to be implemented through the hardware system instead of focusing more on the software system. this requires fast processing and to be able to switch the speed as much as possible. this is often maintained at the speed of 155.50 Mbps or 622.080 Mbps. the speed of an ATM network reaches up to 10 Gbps of speed. this is considered to be a high speed network designed to support voice, video and data communication simultaneously (Motoyama, 2000).

PURPOSE OF DATA LINK LAYER OF OSI MODEL:

Data link layer works by using the most suitable method of the node to node delivery of data. It generates frames from bulks which are taken up from the network layer and transformed into physical layer. The layer forms coordination of the data which is to be transferred over the data. The error rate is reduced done. The encrypted data is them made physical. Data link layer utilizes error detection bits and also carry out the error correction. Sent notes are made into frames (Prycker, Peschi, & Landegem, 1993).

The major work of the data link layer is converting of a raw transmission area into a passage that showcases undetected transmission errors to pass through the network layer. It does this job by making the sender split up the input data into data frames (typically a few hundred or few thousand bytes) and then transferring the frames later on. If secure service is given, the receiver gets the right receipt of each frame by giving back an acknowledgment frame. Its functions are:

  1. Framing:Frames are composed of the flows of bits which are given on network layer into useable information packs. The partition of the flow of bits is carried by Data Link Layer.
  2. Physical Addressing:  In this case, the Data Link layer forms a header to obtain the physical address of the correspondents of the data.
  3. Flow Control: A flow control method is used to slow down a rapid receiver from working on a slow receiver by modifying the increased bit in the flow control. Traffic gridlock at the receiver’s end is avoided in this manner(Hiroyuki Ohsaki, 1995).
  4. Error Resistor: Error resistance can be received by making a clip at the tail of the pack. Substitution of the packs is also limited by utilizing this method. Data Link Layers avoids the doubling of data sets.
  5. Access Control: Procedures of this layer are utilized to know the tools and the apps that work in association with the link at any specific time.
  6. ATM adaptation layer (AAL) – In Combination with the ATM layer, the AAL is worked the same as the data link layer of the OSI model. The AAL has promoted the higher-layer Rules including the minute details of the ATM systems. The adaptation layer is used for making client’s info for converting into data packs and parts the info into 48-byte cell shipments. The different types of AAL layers are-

1.ATM ADAPTATION LAYER AAL 1 -AAL1, is a connection-oriented layer. It would well for continuous bit rate sources (CBR), including voice and video calling. ATM aids CBR traffic by incorporating circuit-emulation traits. Circuit-emulation traits make use of the mixing of various tools used by the leased links to an ATM backbone network. AAL1 needs timing harmonisation among the sender and the recover. AAL1 needs a medium, such as SONET, to work on since it aids clocking.

2.ATM ADAPTATION LAYER AAL 2 –It comes with timing issues like CBR. However, it is a bit edgy in context. They are termed as variable bit rate (VBR) traffic. It is composed of services made as packs of audio or video. They don’t have a regular info transfer pace but that have needs which are same as constant bit rate services. AAL2 works well for VBR traffic. The AAL2 system has 44 bytes of the data pack load which works well for the date of the user and gives4 bytes of the load to aid the AAL2 systems.

  1. ATM ADAPTATION LAYER AAL ¾- AAL3/4 is able to aid both connection-oriented and connectionless data. It was made for network utility givers in the past. It has been working in close alliance with Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS). AAL3/4 is needed to transfer SMDS packets using the ATM network.
  2. ATM ADAPTATION LAYER AAL5 -AAL5 is the prime AAL that works with info and aids both connection-oriented and connectionless data. The transmission of info including classical IP over ATM and LAN Emulation (LANE) is done through it. AAL5 is way more re less complicated since SAR sublayer has the ability to accept the CS-PDU and parts it by 48-octet SAR-PDUs excluding the elimination of any bytes in every data pack. The figure shows the AAL layer(Jain, 2017).

CONCLUSION

ATM is made to carry out the high-performance multimedia networking. ATM services have showcased operation in recent times. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a tool which has been a great aid to future broadband, interactive media, and network communication services. ATM has been a revolution and it will be of great use in the future with the advanced research done on it.

Bibliography

Armitage, G. J. (1995). Multicast and multiprotocol support for ATM based Internets. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 45(2).

Bonomi, F. (1995). The rate-based flow control framework for the available bit rate ATM service. IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking, 9(2).

Hiroyuki Ohsaki, M. T. (1995). Rate-Based Congestion Control for ATM Networks. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 25(2).

Jain, R. (1996). Congestion Control and Traffic Management in ATM Networks: Recent Advances and A Survey. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems,, 28.

Jain, R. (2017). Broadband Inter-Carrier Interface (B-ICI).

Kai-Yeung Siu, R. J. (1994). A Brief Overview of ATM: Protocol Layers, LAN Emulation, and Traffic Management.

Motoyama, S. (2000). Simple high speed ATM switch with service class priority. Electronics Letters, 36(6), p.590.

Newman, P. (1994). ATM Local Area Networks.

Prycker, M. D., Peschi, R., & Landegem, T. V. (1993). B-ISDN and the OSI protocol reference model. IEEE NETWORK, 7(2).

Su, C.-F. (2000). Explicit Rate Flow Control for ABR Services in ATM Networks. Ieee/Acm Transactions On Networking,, 8(3).